{"id":15607,"date":"2026-03-12T07:15:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T06:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/?p=15607"},"modified":"2026-03-11T22:14:19","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T21:14:19","slug":"les-ingenieurs-ont-aussi-invente-le-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/les-ingenieurs-ont-aussi-invente-le-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Les ing\u00e9nieurs ont aussi invent\u00e9 le management"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-on-a-raconte-la-mauvaise-histoire\">On a racont\u00e9 la mauvaise histoire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant longtemps, on a s\u00e9par\u00e9 le monde de l\u2019entreprise en deux camps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, les ing\u00e9nieurs, les techniciens, celles et ceux qui con\u00e7oivent, calculent, fabriquent, testent et r\u00e9solvent.<br>De l\u2019autre, les managers, suppos\u00e9s organiser, arbitrer, planifier et d\u00e9cider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette lecture est confortable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elle est aussi terriblement incompl\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La base factuelle relay\u00e9e par la RTBF, \u00e0 partir d\u2019une analyse attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 The Conversation, remet une pi\u00e8ce essentielle au centre du puzzle : le management moderne ne s\u2019est pas d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du travail des ing\u00e9nieurs. Il s\u2019est structur\u00e9 au XIXe si\u00e8cle au contact direct de leurs r\u00e9alit\u00e9s de terrain, dans les mines, les usines, les r\u00e9seaux et les grandes infrastructures. Et parmi les figures majeures cit\u00e9es, Henri Fayol occupe une place centrale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce d\u00e9tail change beaucoup de choses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parce qu\u2019il rappelle une v\u00e9rit\u00e9 oubli\u00e9e dans trop d\u2019organisations : la pens\u00e9e de l\u2019organisation n\u2019est pas n\u00e9e loin du r\u00e9el. Elle est n\u00e9e au contact du r\u00e9el.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-henri-fayol-n-etait-pas-un-theoricien-hors-sol\">Henri Fayol n\u2019\u00e9tait pas un th\u00e9oricien hors-sol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Henri Fayol est souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme l\u2019un des p\u00e8res du management moderne. Ce que l\u2019on oublie plus facilement, c\u2019est qu\u2019il \u00e9tait d\u2019abord ing\u00e9nieur des mines, puis dirigeant industriel. Britannica le pr\u00e9sente comme un industriel fran\u00e7ais qui a dirig\u00e9 une grande compagnie mini\u00e8re avant de publier ses id\u00e9es sur l\u2019organisation et la supervision du travail, \u00e0 partir de 1916 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Henri-Fayol\">Britannica<\/a>). Des travaux acad\u00e9miques rappellent aussi que sa th\u00e9orie administrative s\u2019est construite \u00e0 partir de son exp\u00e9rience concr\u00e8te de terrain et de direction d\u2019entreprise, pas dans un laboratoire th\u00e9orique (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13552529510095134\/full\/html\">Emerald<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/sotra_0038-0296_1986_num_28_1_2030\">Persee<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Autrement dit, Fayol n\u2019a pas observ\u00e9 l\u2019entreprise depuis un balcon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il a d\u00fb faire face \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle : coordonner des humains, allouer des ressources, absorber des contraintes, faire tenir ensemble la technique, l\u2019\u00e9conomie et le temps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est l\u00e0 que le sujet devient passionnant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le management n\u2019est donc pas apparu comme une couche abstraite venue se poser au-dessus de la technique. Il a \u00e9merg\u00e9 quand la technique est devenue suffisamment complexe pour exiger une discipline collective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quand-la-complexite-grandit-l-organisation-devient-strategique\">Quand la complexit\u00e9 grandit, l\u2019organisation devient strat\u00e9gique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 mesure que les syst\u00e8mes techniques deviennent plus vastes, la seule expertise individuelle ne suffit plus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il faut aligner des m\u00e9tiers.<br>Il faut arbitrer entre court terme et long terme.<br>Il faut faire circuler l\u2019information.<br>Il faut transformer une vision en ex\u00e9cution coh\u00e9rente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est exactement pour cela que la d\u00e9finition moderne de l\u2019innovation insiste sur la mise en \u0153uvre. L\u2019OCDE rappelle qu\u2019une innovation n\u2019est pas seulement une id\u00e9e int\u00e9ressante, mais un produit ou un processus nouveau ou am\u00e9lior\u00e9 qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectivement mis \u00e0 disposition ou mis en usage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/2018\/10\/oslo-manual-2018_g1g9373b.html\">OECD<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voil\u00e0 pourquoi tant d\u2019entreprises se trompent encore aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elles continuent \u00e0 croire que l\u2019innovation se joue dans le g\u00e9nie de quelques personnes brillantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alors qu\u2019elle se joue aussi dans la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019architecture collective qui relie les id\u00e9es, les d\u00e9cisions, les m\u00e9thodes et les \u00e9quipes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-le-grand-divorce-qui-ralentit-les-entreprises\">Le grand divorce qui ralentit les entreprises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le probl\u00e8me contemporain n\u2019est pas un manque de talents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le probl\u00e8me, c\u2019est la s\u00e9paration artificielle entre ceux qui comprennent le r\u00e9el et ceux qui pilotent la transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quand l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, l\u2019op\u00e9rationnel, le produit, la strat\u00e9gie et le management vivent dans des silos, il se passe presque toujours la m\u00eame chose :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>les comit\u00e9s parlent d\u2019innovation ;<br>les diapositives s\u2019accumulent ;<br>les arbitrages se diluent ;<br>et ceux qui voient les frictions du terrain n\u2019ont plus la main.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019entreprise ne manque alors ni d\u2019id\u00e9es ni d\u2019intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elle manque de continuit\u00e9 entre la vision et l\u2019ex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce que j\u2019explique dans mon livre, chapitre 11 : l\u2019organisation et les structures doivent \u00eatre pens\u00e9es comme des piliers observables au service de la vision, de la strat\u00e9gie et de l\u2019innovation, pas comme une m\u00e9canique autonome qui tourne pour elle-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-l-innovation-n-est-pas-une-affaire-de-heros-isole\">L\u2019innovation n\u2019est pas une affaire de h\u00e9ros isol\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>J\u2019insiste souvent sur ce point, parce qu\u2019il change tout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019innovation n\u2019est pas un mythe de super-h\u00e9ros en entreprise.<br>C\u2019est un travail d\u2019\u00e9quipe guid\u00e9 par un leader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette id\u00e9e est coh\u00e9rente avec ce que montrent les recherches sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 psychologique. Amy Edmondson a d\u00e9fini celle-ci comme une croyance partag\u00e9e selon laquelle l\u2019\u00e9quipe est un lieu s\u00fbr pour prendre des risques interpersonnels, et Google a ensuite popularis\u00e9 ce facteur comme un levier cl\u00e9 de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipes (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/curhan\/www\/docs\/Articles\/15341_Readings\/Group_Performance\/Edmondson%20Psychological%20safety.pdf\">MIT PDF<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/rework.withgoogle.com\/intl\/en\/guides\/understanding-team-effectiveness\">Google re:Work<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pourquoi est-ce si important ici ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parce qu\u2019un ing\u00e9nieur, un expert produit, un op\u00e9rationnel ou un chef de projet qui comprend le terrain mais n\u2019ose plus parler dans une organisation fig\u00e9e devient un capteur silencieux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et une entreprise qui fait taire ses meilleurs capteurs ralentit sans toujours s\u2019en rendre compte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-reconcilier-ingenierie-et-management\">R\u00e9concilier ing\u00e9nierie et management<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019enjeu n\u2019est donc pas de glorifier les ing\u00e9nieurs contre les managers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019enjeu est plus exigeant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il consiste \u00e0 r\u00e9concilier ce qui n\u2019aurait jamais d\u00fb \u00eatre oppos\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>la compr\u00e9hension du r\u00e9el,<br>la structuration de l\u2019action,<br>la vision strat\u00e9gique,<br>et la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 entra\u00eener un collectif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les ing\u00e9nieurs ne portent pas seulement des solutions techniques.<br>Ils peuvent aussi porter des logiques d\u2019organisation, de m\u00e9thode, de s\u00e9quencement, de rigueur et de transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et les managers les plus utiles ne sont pas ceux qui s\u2019\u00e9loignent du terrain.<br>Ce sont ceux qui savent rendre l\u2019organisation plus claire, plus fluide et plus capable de transformer une id\u00e9e en impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est aussi la logique de mon livre, chapitre 11 : une structure performante n\u2019existe pas pour prot\u00e9ger l\u2019organigramme. Elle existe pour rendre possible l\u2019ex\u00e9cution juste, rapide et align\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-lecon-pour-aujourd-hui\">La le\u00e7on pour aujourd\u2019hui<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 l\u2019IA, les cha\u00eenes de valeur mondiales, la pression de vitesse et la densit\u00e9 technologique augmentent partout, il devient dangereux de s\u00e9parer le pilotage de l\u2019entreprise de celles et ceux qui comprennent intimement les syst\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quand une entreprise coupe le management de l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, elle perd en justesse.<br>Quand elle coupe l\u2019organisation du terrain, elle perd en vitesse.<br>Quand elle coupe la vision de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution, elle perd en impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019inverse, quand elle reconnecte ces dimensions, elle retrouve trois choses d\u00e9cisives :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>de la coh\u00e9rence,<br>de la puissance d\u2019action,<br>et une innovation qui cesse d\u2019\u00eatre un slogan pour redevenir une capacit\u00e9 collective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La le\u00e7on de Fayol est donc plus actuelle que beaucoup de discours sur le futur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le management ne vaut que s\u2019il reste branch\u00e9 sur le r\u00e9el.<br>Et le r\u00e9el, dans une entreprise, est souvent tenu par celles et ceux qui construisent, testent, mesurent, corrigent et comprennent les contraintes avant tout le monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Autrement dit : les ing\u00e9nieurs n\u2019ont pas seulement aid\u00e9 \u00e0 b\u00e2tir des produits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ils ont aussi contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 b\u00e2tir la mani\u00e8re de faire travailler ensemble des humains autour d\u2019une vision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>(RTBF) = <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rtbf.be\/article\/la-place-meconnue-des-ingenieurs-dans-l-histoire-du-management-11687758\">https:\/\/www.rtbf.be\/article\/la-place-meconnue-des-ingenieurs-dans-l-histoire-du-management-11687758<\/a><br>(OECD) = <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/2018\/10\/oslo-manual-2018_g1g9373b.html\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/2018\/10\/oslo-manual-2018_g1g9373b.html<\/a><br>(Britannica) = <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Henri-Fayol\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Henri-Fayol<\/a><br>(Emerald) = <a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13552529510095134\/full\/html\">https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13552529510095134\/full\/html<\/a><br>(Persee) = <a href=\"https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/sotra_0038-0296_1986_num_28_1_2030\">https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/sotra_0038-0296_1986_num_28_1_2030<\/a><br>(Google re:Work) = <a href=\"https:\/\/rework.withgoogle.com\/intl\/en\/guides\/understanding-team-effectiveness\">https:\/\/rework.withgoogle.com\/intl\/en\/guides\/understanding-team-effectiveness<\/a><br>(MIT PDF) = <a href=\"https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/curhan\/www\/docs\/Articles\/15341_Readings\/Group_Performance\/Edmondson%20Psychological%20safety.pdf\">https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/curhan\/www\/docs\/Articles\/15341_Readings\/Group_Performance\/Edmondson%20Psychological%20safety.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On a racont\u00e9 la mauvaise histoire Pendant longtemps, on a s\u00e9par\u00e9 le monde de l\u2019entreprise en deux camps. D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, les ing\u00e9nieurs, les techniciens, celles et ceux qui con\u00e7oivent, calculent, fabriquent, testent et r\u00e9solvent.De l\u2019autre, les managers, suppos\u00e9s organiser, arbitrer, planifier et d\u00e9cider. Cette lecture est confortable. Elle est aussi terriblement incompl\u00e8te. La base factuelle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15612,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[74,114,482,481,69,484,115,325,483,480,75,378],"class_list":["post-15607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-intelligence-innovationnelle","tag-culture-dentreprise","tag-execution","tag-henri-fayol","tag-ingenieurs","tag-innovation","tag-intelligence-collective","tag-leadership","tag-management","tag-organisation","tag-securite-psychologique","tag-strategie","tag-transformation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les ing\u00e9nieurs ont aussi invent\u00e9 le management - Philippe Boulanger<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les ing\u00e9nieurs ont aussi fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 le management moderne. 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