{"id":16956,"date":"2026-10-27T18:29:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T17:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/?p=16956"},"modified":"2026-10-27T18:30:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T17:30:03","slug":"transistor-au-silicium-la-preuve-par-lhuile-chaude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/transistor-au-silicium-la-preuve-par-lhuile-chaude\/","title":{"rendered":"Transistor au silicium : la preuve par l\u2019huile chaude"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dayton, Ohio, 10 mai 1954. Fin d\u2019apr\u00e8s-midi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 la conf\u00e9rence nationale de l\u2019Institute of Radio Engineers sur l\u2019\u00e9lectronique a\u00e9roport\u00e9e, la session consacr\u00e9e aux dispositifs au silicium s\u2019\u00e9ternise (IEEE Spectrum). Les orateurs d\u00e9filent avec le m\u00eame message, poli et document\u00e9. Le silicium ferait un meilleur transistor que le germanium, d\u2019accord. Personne ne devrait pourtant en esp\u00e9rer un avant plusieurs ann\u00e9es (PBS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gordon Teal monte sur l\u2019estrade. Il dirige la recherche de Texas Instruments, une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Dallas que beaucoup de participants associent encore \u00e0 la prospection p\u00e9troli\u00e8re. L\u2019entreprise est n\u00e9e sous le nom de Geophysical Service Inc., un fabricant de sismographes pour l\u2019industrie du p\u00e9trole (IEEE Spectrum). Teal lit un expos\u00e9 au titre soporifique, \u00ab Some Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium Materials and Devices \u00bb. Puis il glisse, presque en passant, qu\u2019il ne partage pas le pessimisme de ses coll\u00e8gues, et qu\u2019il a justement quelques transistors au silicium dans sa poche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il les sort et pr\u00e9cise que Texas Instruments en a trois types en production (IEEE Spectrum). En production. Pas sur une paillasse de laboratoire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la salle, des ing\u00e9nieurs se regardent. Quelqu\u2019un, au premier rang, se demande s\u2019il a bien entendu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-une-salle-qui-avait-deja-conclu\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une salle qui avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 conclu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour mesurer la stupeur, il faut revenir au probl\u00e8me que tout le monde connaissait par c\u0153ur. En 1954, les transistors du commerce sont en germanium. Le germanium se purifie et se cristallise plus facilement que le silicium, c\u2019est le mat\u00e9riau des premiers transistors. Son d\u00e9faut est connu de tous les ing\u00e9nieurs de la d\u00e9fense : il d\u00e9croche quand la temp\u00e9rature monte. Les transistors au silicium, eux, fonctionnent \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures bien plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es, et l\u2019arm\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine les r\u00e9clame (Transistor Museum).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans le nez d\u2019un missile, dans le cockpit d\u2019un avion \u00e0 r\u00e9action, un composant qui l\u00e2che \u00e0 la chaleur est un composant inutilisable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le probl\u00e8me du silicium \u00e9tait ailleurs : il est beaucoup plus difficile \u00e0 purifier et \u00e0 faire cristalliser que le germanium (National Academies). Les experts de Dayton avaient donc raison sur le diagnostic. Ils se sont tromp\u00e9s sur le calendrier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce matin-l\u00e0, la salle avait conclu \u00e0 partir de ce qu\u2019elle savait. C\u2019est le fonctionnement normal d\u2019un cerveau humain : il produit la r\u00e9ponse la plus probable avec les informations disponibles, puis il la d\u00e9fend. Je d\u00e9cris ce m\u00e9canisme sous le nom de biais de statu quo, avec ses phrases signatures : \u00ab On a toujours fait comme \u00e7a \u00bb, \u00ab On a d\u00e9j\u00e0 essay\u00e9 \u00bb, \u00ab Si c\u2019\u00e9tait possible, d\u2019autres l\u2019auraient fait avant nous \u00bb <a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">(Mon livre, chapitre 6)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"16547\" class=\"elementor elementor-16547\" data-elementor-post-type=\"rs_elements\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23d49d e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e23d49d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4915 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c2e4915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;rollIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/#le-livre\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-196x300.webp?wsr\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-11055\" alt=\"Philippe Boulanger - Innover ou agoniser, c&apos;est vous qui voyez !\" srcset=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-196x300.webp 196w, https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-668x1024.webp 668w, https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-768x1177.webp 768w, https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-1003x1536.webp 1003w, https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr-1337x2048.webp 1337w, https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/phillipe-boulanger-book-fr.webp 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee54e18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee54e18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8918db1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8918db1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45f21a7 balance accent-checks elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor elementor-motion-effects-parent\" style=\"--flex-wrap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-content: initial; --gap: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --order: initial; --align-self: initial; align-self: auto; flex: 0 1 auto; order: 0; place-content: normal; align-items: normal; flex-flow: row; gap: 21px; --widgets-spacing: 1em 1em; --widgets-spacing-row: 1em; --widgets-spacing-column: 1em; --swiper-theme-color: #000; --swiper-navigation-size: 44px; --swiper-pagination-bullet-size: 6px; --swiper-pagination-bullet-horizontal-gap: 6px; --kit-widget-spacing: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: clamp(18px, 1.5vw, 21px); max-width: 100%;\" data-id=\"45f21a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;motion_fx_opacity_effect&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;motion_fx_opacity_range&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:5,&quot;end&quot;:25}},&quot;motion_fx_opacity_direction&quot;:&quot;out-in&quot;,&quot;motion_fx_opacity_level&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container elementor-motion-effects-element\" style=\"transition: background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s, transform 0.4s; transform-origin: 50% 50%; height: 314.931px; margin: 0em; opacity: 1; will-change: opacity;\"><p>Ce livre s\u2019adresse aux PDG, aux dirigeants et aux innovateurs pr\u00eats \u00e0 tout remettre en question et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une croissance exponentielle.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca7ab5d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ca7ab5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/#le-livre\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Le Livre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-un-becher-un-tourne-disque-et-une-clarinette\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un b\u00e9cher, un tourne-disque et une clarinette<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teal savait qu\u2019une affirmation pareille, lanc\u00e9e devant des ing\u00e9nieurs sceptiques, ne survivrait pas \u00e0 la pause caf\u00e9. Il avait donc pr\u00e9par\u00e9 autre chose qu\u2019un transparent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sur la table : un tourne-disque, un amplificateur et un b\u00e9cher d\u2019huile chaude. Le disque, c\u2019est \u00ab Summit Ridge Drive \u00bb, d\u2019Artie Shaw. La clarinette remplit la salle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teal plonge dans l\u2019huile un amplificateur \u00e9quip\u00e9 de transistors au germanium. La musique s\u2019arr\u00eate net. Il recommence avec un amplificateur \u00e9quip\u00e9 des nouveaux transistors au silicium. La clarinette continue de jouer, imperturbable (National Academies).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aucun graphique. Aucune courbe de courant de fuite. Un morceau de jazz qui meurt, puis un morceau de jazz qui survit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 la fin de son intervention, Teal signale que des copies de son article attendent pr\u00e8s de la porte du fond. La salle se rue vers la sortie, au point que le dernier orateur de la session se retrouve sans public. Quelques minutes plus tard, dans le hall, un ing\u00e9nieur de Raytheon crie dans un t\u00e9l\u00e9phone que le Texas a le transistor au silicium (IEEE Spectrum).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je vous laisse imaginer ce dernier orateur. Pr\u00e9parer un expos\u00e9 pendant des semaines pour parler \u00e0 des chaises vides, voil\u00e0 une exp\u00e9rience qui forge l\u2019humilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-bell-labs-avait-invente-texas-instruments-a-innove\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bell Labs avait invent\u00e9, Texas Instruments a innov\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le r\u00e9cit habituel s\u2019arr\u00eate l\u00e0 : le petit texan aurait battu toute l\u2019industrie. Il faut le corriger, et la correction est plus utile que le mythe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le premier transistor au silicium fonctionnel est sorti des laboratoires de Bell Labs, dans le New Jersey. En janvier 1954, le chimiste Morris Tanenbaum en avait fabriqu\u00e9 un, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une variante de la technique de croissance de jonctions mise au point par Morgan Sparks et un certain Gordon Teal (Computer History Museum). Tanenbaum trouvait cependant que son dispositif ne paraissait pas int\u00e9ressant \u00e0 fabriquer en s\u00e9rie (IEEE Spectrum).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bell Labs avait l\u2019invention. Texas Instruments a fait le reste : la production, la mise sur le march\u00e9, les clients. L\u2019\u00e9quipe de Dallas a obtenu son premier transistor au silicium r\u00e9ussi le 14 avril 1954, avec du silicium de haute puret\u00e9 fourni par DuPont et la technique des jonctions tir\u00e9es (Computer History Museum). Quatre semaines plus tard, quand Teal parlait de sa poche \u00e0 Dayton, la production avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9marr\u00e9 (PBS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette distinction, je la mart\u00e8le dans mes conf\u00e9rences. Une invention est une cr\u00e9ation nouvelle. Une innovation suppose une mise en \u0153uvre, une mise sur le march\u00e9 ou une mise en exploitation. Sans mise en \u0153uvre, on ne peut pas parler d\u2019innovation <a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">(Mon livre, chapitre 3)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le r\u00e9sultat se mesure. Le transistor de TI aux trois longues pattes est devenu c\u00e9l\u00e8bre et a fait de l\u2019entreprise texane le seul fournisseur de transistors au silicium pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es (IEEE Spectrum). Avec peu de concurrence, TI a domin\u00e9 ce march\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que le silicium devienne le mat\u00e9riau pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de l\u2019industrie, \u00e0 la fin de la d\u00e9cennie (Computer History Museum).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00e9tail savoureux : la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, Texas Instruments con\u00e7oit la Regency TR-1, la premi\u00e8re radio \u00e0 transistors commercialis\u00e9e. Elle fonctionne au germanium, parce que le silicium co\u00fbte alors beaucoup trop cher (Wikipedia). TI savait exactement \u00e0 qui vendre sa prouesse : aux clients qui payaient pour la tenue en temp\u00e9rature. L\u2019entreprise a r\u00e9serv\u00e9 le silicium au march\u00e9 o\u00f9 il r\u00e9solvait un probl\u00e8me r\u00e9el, et elle a laiss\u00e9 le germanium aux transistors bon march\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-le-mythe-du-genie-solitaire\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le mythe du g\u00e9nie solitaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019histoire retient Gordon Teal, l\u2019homme au b\u00e9cher. Elle oublie presque toujours Willis Adcock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 Dallas, Teal avait recrut\u00e9 une \u00e9quipe de scientifiques et d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs dirig\u00e9e par le chimiste Willis Adcock (Computer History Museum). C\u2019est Adcock qui a fait cro\u00eetre le premier lingot de silicium qui a rendu le transistor possible, et l\u2019article pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 Dayton portait la signature d\u2019Adcock et de Teal (National Academies).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teal lui-m\u00eame n\u2019\u00e9tait pas sorti de nulle part. Chez Bell Labs, avec le technicien Ernie Buehler, il faisait d\u00e9j\u00e0 cro\u00eetre des monocristaux de silicium dop\u00e9s en 1951 (IEEE Spectrum). Il a rapport\u00e9 au Texas un savoir-faire, et il l\u2019a confi\u00e9 \u00e0 une \u00e9quipe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Derri\u00e8re l\u2019\u00e9quipe, il y avait un dirigeant qui a pari\u00e9. Le 14 avril, Teal montre un transistor au silicium fonctionnel \u00e0 Pat Haggerty, vice-pr\u00e9sident de TI. Haggerty comprend que le premier \u00e0 vendre ces transistors gagnera la partie, et l\u2019entreprise passe \u00e0 l\u2019action sans attendre (PBS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u2019insiste sur ce point parce que le mythe de l\u2019innovateur-h\u00e9ros fait des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts dans les entreprises. Il pousse les dirigeants \u00e0 chercher le g\u00e9nie providentiel au lieu de construire l\u2019\u00e9quipe. Il est temps de l\u2019oublier : il y a toujours une \u00e9quipe qui m\u00e8ne un projet \u00e0 bon port, guid\u00e9e par un leader <a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">(Mon livre, chapitre 2)<\/a>. L\u2019histoire donne ensuite le titre d\u2019innovateur au leader, et le reste de l\u2019\u00e9quipe dispara\u00eet des photos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-la-demonstration-vaut-tous-les-slides\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">La d\u00e9monstration vaut tous les slides<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Revenons dans la salle de Dayton. Teal avait le contenu technique. Il avait l\u2019article, les mesures, la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 de ses ann\u00e9es chez Bell Labs. Ce qui a fait basculer l\u2019auditoire, c\u2019est une minute de clarinette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourquoi \u00e7a marche ? Parce que l\u2019auditoire n\u2019a plus rien \u00e0 croire. Il a vu. Face \u00e0 toute nouveaut\u00e9, le cerveau de vos interlocuteurs pose d\u2019abord une question de survie : qu\u2019est-ce que \u00e7a change pour moi, est-ce que je prends un risque ? Une d\u00e9monstration r\u00e9pond \u00e0 cette question avant m\u00eame que le d\u00e9bat commence. Un tableau de chiffres, lui, ouvre le d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans mes conf\u00e9rences, le public vit chaque biais cognitif en direct, sous forme d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation. Je n\u2019ai rien invent\u00e9 : Teal faisait la m\u00eame chose avec un b\u00e9cher en 1954. C\u2019est tout le sujet du pilier communication, pr\u00e9sentations et prises de d\u00e9cision du syst\u00e8me Intelligence Innovationnelle\u00ae <a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">(Mon livre, chapitre 10)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Faites l\u2019exercice. Pensez au dernier projet que vous avez d\u00e9fendu devant votre comit\u00e9 de direction. Combien de slides ? Combien de d\u00e9monstrations ? Sur une \u00e9chelle de 0 \u00e0 5, \u00e0 quel point vos pr\u00e9sentations font-elles vivre la preuve au lieu de la d\u00e9crire ? Soyez honn\u00eate. Je ne suis pas toujours \u00e0 5 moi-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-ce-que-votre-comite-de-direction-appelle-impossible\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ce que votre comit\u00e9 de direction appelle \u00ab impossible \u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les ing\u00e9nieurs de Dayton \u00e9taient comp\u00e9tents et inform\u00e9s. Ils raisonnaient avec les meilleures donn\u00e9es de leur \u00e9poque, et c\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce qui les a pi\u00e9g\u00e9s. Leur expertise portait sur ce qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 tent\u00e9 jusque-l\u00e0. Elle ne disait rien de ce qu\u2019une \u00e9quipe de Dallas avait r\u00e9ussi quatre semaines plus t\u00f4t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notre succ\u00e8s pass\u00e9 peut \u00eatre notre plus grand ennemi. Bell Labs avait invent\u00e9 le transistor, puis fabriqu\u00e9 le premier transistor au silicium. Ce palmar\u00e8s rendait improbable, aux yeux de tous, qu\u2019un ancien fabricant d\u2019instruments p\u00e9troliers passe devant sur la production. Le biais \u00e9tait confortable. Il \u00e9tait aussi faux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Que faire lundi matin ? Quand quelqu\u2019un affirme dans votre organisation qu\u2019une chose est impossible, demandez-lui sur quelle exp\u00e9rimentation il s\u2019appuie. Tr\u00e8s souvent, la r\u00e9ponse est une absence d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation. Exigez des d\u00e9monstrations, m\u00eame imparfaites, avant les grandes pr\u00e9sentations. Et cherchez qui, hors de votre secteur, a peut-\u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9solu votre probl\u00e8me sans vous pr\u00e9venir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-l-essentiel\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019essentiel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retenez quatre choses :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Une invention reste au laboratoire tant que personne ne la produit. Bell Labs avait le premier transistor au silicium, Texas Instruments a eu le march\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Une d\u00e9monstration convainc l\u00e0 o\u00f9 un expos\u00e9 ouvre le d\u00e9bat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le consensus des experts d\u00e9crit le pass\u00e9. Il ne vous dit pas ce qu\u2019une \u00e9quipe d\u00e9termin\u00e9e a peut-\u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9ussi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Derri\u00e8re chaque h\u00e9ros d\u2019une histoire d\u2019innovation, cherchez l\u2019\u00e9quipe. Teal avait Adcock, Buehler, Haggerty et le silicium de DuPont.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alors, qu\u2019avez-vous dans votre poche que personne n\u2019a encore vu fonctionner ? Innover ou agoniser, c\u2019est vous qui voyez !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"16412\" class=\"elementor elementor-16412\" data-elementor-post-type=\"rs_elements\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9a0121 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f9a0121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf210a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-carousel\" data-id=\"cf210a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;carousel_items&quot;:[{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Slide #2&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;6c12b1f&quot;},{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Slide #1&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;662949d&quot;},{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Slide #3&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;f4e8490&quot;},{&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;e1df4a3&quot;,&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Slide #4&quot;},{&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;e411638&quot;,&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Slide #5&quot;}],&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" 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4.3-6.2 4.5-1 7.7 1.5 7.4 5.8-.2 3.5-1.8 7.7-.5 11.1 1 2.7 3.6 2.8 5 .2 1.6-3.1 0-8.3-.4-11.6-.4-4.2-.2-7 1.8-10.8 0 0-.1.1-.1.2-.2.4-.3.7-.4.8v.1c-.1.2-.1.2 0 0v-.1l.4-.8c0-.1.1-.1.1-.2.2-.4.5-.8.8-1.2V0H0zM282.7 3.4z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95a8253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95a8253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un \u00e9v\u00e9nement d&rsquo;entreprise, un s\u00e9minaire, une assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, un COMEX ou CODIR ?<\/p><p>Les interventions sur l&rsquo;innovation et l&rsquo;IA de Philippe sont innovantes, vous \u00eates pr\u00e9venus !<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dc4d47 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5dc4d47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/conferences\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Les conf\u00e9rences phares<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"2\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 sur 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca26ec6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca26ec6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f0030 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f2f0030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/conferences\/keynote-intelligence-innovationnelle\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Conference-Intelligence-Innovationnelle\u00ae-FR-rs6j7afw2pnqdk9pzhhw4hmupczfvu0d879ew4y51e.webp?wsr\" title=\"Conf\u00e9rence Intelligence Innovationnelle\u00ae FR\" alt=\"Conf\u00e9rence Intelligence Innovationnelle\u00ae FR\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"3\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 sur 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c64f275 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c64f275\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3061c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a3061c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/conferences\/conference-sur-lintelligence-artificielle\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Conference-Intelligence-Artificielle-FR-rs6j7afw2pnqdk9pzhhw4hmupczfvu0d879ew4y51e.webp?wsr\" title=\"Conf\u00e9rence Intelligence Artificielle FR\" alt=\"Conf\u00e9rence Intelligence Artificielle FR\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"4\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 sur 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6da9b9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6da9b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d24ec00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d24ec00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-align: center;\">Compl\u00e9tez une intervention en conf\u00e9rence avec des ateliers innovants et percutants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Les conf\u00e9rences inspirent et sensibilisent, les ateliers transforment !<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae0418d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ae0418d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/ateliers\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">LES Ateliers<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"5\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 sur 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d75635 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d75635\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f839d23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f839d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/ateliers\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Workshops-Intelligence-Innovationnelle\u00ae-FR-rs6j7afw2pnqdk9pzhhw4hmupczfvu0d879ew4y51e.webp?wsr\" title=\"Workshops Intelligence Innovationnelle\u00ae FR\" alt=\"Workshops Intelligence Innovationnelle\u00ae FR\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(Mon livre) <a href=\"https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/philippeboulanger.com\/fr\/livre\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(IEEE Spectrum) <a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(National Academies) <a href=\"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/12473\/chapter\/52?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/read\/12473\/chapter\/52<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(National Academies) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/read\/12473\/chapter\/2?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/read\/12473\/chapter\/2<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(Computer History Museum) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.computerhistory.org\/semiconductor\/timeline\/1954-Silicon.html?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/www.computerhistory.org\/semiconductor\/timeline\/1954-Silicon.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(Computer History Museum) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.computerhistory.org\/collections\/catalog\/102711691?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/www.computerhistory.org\/collections\/catalog\/102711691<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(PBS) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/transistor\/science\/events\/silicont1.html?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/transistor\/science\/events\/silicont1.html<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(Transistor Museum) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semiconductormuseum.com\/PhotoGallery\/PhotoGallery_901.htm?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/www.semiconductormuseum.com\/PhotoGallery\/PhotoGallery_901.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(Wikipedia) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Instruments?utm_source=philippeboulanger.com\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Instruments<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10 mai 1954, Dayton. Les experts jugent le transistor au silicium hors d\u2019atteinte pour des ann\u00e9es. Gordon Teal plonge un amplificateur dans l\u2019huile chaude et la musique continue. Une histoire d\u2019innovation sur la diff\u00e9rence entre inventer et mettre sur le march\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[50],"tags":[1922,1128,1927,1926,1919,1924,1925,115,1920,1921,1923],"class_list":["post-16956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-intelligence-innovationnelle","tag-bell-labs","tag-biais-de-statu-quo","tag-communication-de-linnovation","tag-demonstration-produit","tag-gordon-teal","tag-histoire-des-semi-conducteurs","tag-invention-et-innovation","tag-leadership","tag-texas-instruments","tag-transistor-au-silicium","tag-willis-adcock"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transistor au silicium : la preuve par l\u2019huile chaude - Philippe Boulanger - Top conf\u00e9rencier international innovation IA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En 1954, Gordon Teal plonge un transistor dans l\u2019huile chaude devant des experts sceptiques. 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